ABSTRACT Right to the city is one of the most important citizenship rights that can be reduced for women under different circumstances. In this mixed research, with in-depth and semi-structured interviews, a conceptual model has been presented to explain the causal, contextual and interventional conditions effectively reducing women's right to the city. Then, with the structural equation modeling, the causal conditions affecting the right to the city have been investigated. Family, ethnicity, and physical and mental conditions were the most important background conditions that 32 women living in Ahvaz pointed to in order to influence the right to the city. Also, the participants considered politics and government institutions, law, and spatial policies as the most important intervention in the women's right to the city. City security, favorable actions with the city space, space-positive gender performance, and social welfare were among the most important causal conditions that the participants mentioned in increasing women's right to the city. Causal modeling showed that the most influential reason for reducing women's right to the city of Ahvaz is URBAN space security, followed by URBAN policies and designs. By multiplying the causal path, it is 0.84, followed by URBAN planning and design with a coefficient of 0.79. Governmental and executive institutions should pay more attention to women's right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of suitable SPACES with individual differences, especially gender, and, of course, with an emphasis on women. The creation of safer places in the city for women while increasing the livability of the city for citizens improves women's rights in URBAN SPACES Extended abstract Introduction The right to the city is a universal right consisting of several instances. Since the right to the city enables the city inhabitants to access and enjoy the URBAN life benefits freely, it is tantamount to the right to freedom. The right to the city, the right to freedom of building and rebuilding cities, is one of the most valuable and, at the same time, the most neglected human rights. Among governments, NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and political activists in all scales, the right to the city is often conceived in a legal meaning. In this sense, the right to city includes a set of distinct rights to URBAN resources and services, shelter, public space, clean water, and education that must be available to all, regardless of social or economic status, the bearers of such rights are URBAN dwellers and their guarantor is the government. This legal conception of the right to the city emphasizes universal and individual rights in the global liberal institutional order. The ultimate normative purpose of a legal right to the city is that the government legally encodes and enforces the set of rights constituting the right to the city. Justice and equality have been considered since long ago; however, injustice and discrimination are still visible in cities. Among all kinds of injustices and discrimination, gender equality has been a subject marginalized in all ages. In Iran, the need for URBAN SPACES for women in accordance with the civil needs of citizens in daily life is felt. In Iran, factors such as various types of URBAN violence and insecurity, which generally make women victims, have reduced the possibility and desire for their presence and participation in public. Because the spatial, temporal, official and unofficial divisions in the city have caused some SPACES to remain far from the reach of women. In this research, we intend to deal with the most important factors that cause women not to enjoy one of their most essential human rights, which is the right to the city.   Methodology This research, which is practical in terms of purpose, has been done with a confirmatory mixed method; first, it tried to present the most important contextual, interventional, and causal factors effective in reducing the right to the city of women in the form of a conceptual model by the approach of grounded theory, and then confirming the defined causal structure with the help of structural equations modeling. The population in this research is Iranian women who are exposed to gender injustice and do not have the right to a desirable city. Research participants have a deep experience of undermining their right to the city and are interested in sharing it and cooperating with the researcher. Sampling was purposefully selected from women with the least amount of the right to the city. The qualitative sample of the research was 32 people, and the quantitative sample was 420 people. Due to the mixed nature of the research and the use of the data-driven theory approach and, afterwards, structural equations to collect the data, the interview was used in the qualitative phase and questionnaires in the quantitative phase. The interviews were done in-depth, face-to-face and semi-structured. The open-ended interview questions were conducted in a calm environment without the presence of a third person, and the time of the interviews varied according to the conditions of the interviewee. The questionnaire used in the research has ascertained an instrument that evaluates the contextual and causal components and factors related to the right to the city in the form of self-declaration items. The data obtained from the interview, after being implemented in the form of text, were analyzed and classified with the help of directed content analysis. In order to investigate the causal structure of the right to the city, structural equation modeling would have been helpful. Analyzes were performed with the help of LISREL 8.8. To estimate the causal path coefficients, the iterated maximum likelihood method was used and the overall fit of the causal structure model of women’s right to the city was carried out by Chi-square statistic. And, of course, the most important fit indexes of the model, such as absolute fit indexes, incremental fit indexes and Parsimonious Normed Fit Indexes (PNFI).   Results and discussion Directed content analysis helped us to identify the factors reducing the right to the city and its subclasses of Iranian women. Conditions affecting women's right to the city are divided into underlying conditions, causal conditions, and intervening conditions. The most critical underlying conditions were family, age, ethnicity, and physical and mental characteristics. At the same time, environment security, URBAN actions, social welfare, and space gender functions constituted the essential intervening conditions, and politics, governmental institutions, law, and city spatial policies included the most important intervening conditions. Causal modeling also showed that the factors influencing women's right to the city are the most influential to the least influential in the form of (1) security of the city environment, (2) URBAN policy-making, (3) gender function of space, and (4) interaction with the city. Security is one of the most important and influential factors that can decrease or increase the right to the city for women.   Conclusion The right to the city, which is considered one of the most fundamental rights of citizens, is trampled or reaches its lowest level due to underlying reasons such as the gender of individuals or their families. In this case, women are more vulnerable than the men. In such a way, causal conditions such as environmental security or URBAN actions and, of course, welfare have made this gender difference in the use of city space deeper and more complicated. Meanwhile, the role of governments and sovereignty in legislation and policies should not be neglected to reduce the right to city for women. Our explicit suggestion is for governmental institutions and executive agencies to pay more attention to women’s right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of more suitable SPACES in the city, the design of URBAN SPACES away from any gender discrimination only with the view of equal access for all and the creation of safer places for the women living in Ahvaz.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

Over the past years, the issue of equal participation of disabled and marginalized people in economic, social, and civil life has been a top priority for many countries. With life expectancy increasing across the world, cities need to accommodate an aging and growing population. Developing inclusive URBAN environments that support residents with different abilities in all stages of life is essential. This approach aims to restore the self-esteem and independence of disabled people and to encourage the development and implementation of user-friendly, universal, and inclusive design. This study analyzed the factors that affect the creation of inclusive URBAN SPACES. The main indicators and variables of creating such SPACES were determined by reviewing the theoretical research literature and using the opinions of 20 URBAN geography experts. Using Interpretive-structural modeling, the relationships between the indicators and the degree of influence and dependence of each one were determined and analyzed. Based on the findings of the research, effective factors in the creation of inclusive URBAN SPACES were presented on 7 levels and consisting of 37 components. The most influential factors include accessibility, simple and understandable use, comfort, and flexibility

Many factors have effect in the process of forming and happening violent behaviors. Most important of them are indefensible and violence-oriented SPACES (sites and spheres). Indefensible SPACES have many characteristics that differentiated in two categories: physical and social. From point of view of URBAN designers and architects, physical characteristics and from view of sociology and psychology scientists, social characteristics play role in disposing SPACES in happening violence.Present article is prepared based on findings of a qualitative research conducted through an observation technique using 12 indefensible SPACES selected within 108 indefensible SPACES in the city of Tehran as units of observation. Observation conducted in 9 month period of time. This 12 general URBAN SPACES concluded: thievery (hejrat boulevard, atabak street, valiasr park), affraying (asadabadi street, bahar street beside, valiasr cross), contention (moghaddam square, abouzar square, 22th bahman park), bag robbery (seyyed khandan bridge, shariati park, khaje abdollah ansari street).Results indicate that existing of proper light and lack of building density are characteristics that separate SPACES with robbery from other SPACES. Lack of relation bond between visible SPACES, bouffant and sunken point in city, having obvious bound and confine and low building are characteristics that separate SPACES with contention from other SPACES. Sequence and tension separate affray SPACES from other SPACES.

Today’ s fast-paced URBANization process has caused many problems in URBAN development. Therefore, URBAN space is slowly losing its nature and disappearing due to the speed of rapid URBAN development. Trying to keep up with the modern era’ s prevalent epoch of roads and bridges, URBAN policies in Iran have focused on developing road networks in recent years. Thus numerous elevated structures, URBAN highways and bridges are used to connect the URBAN fabric of the country’ s cities, enabling the smooth transition of traffic in its cities. Although many view URBAN highways merely as tools for mobility; it is true that they influence on URBAN structure and the communities that they interconnect. However, the majority of Iranian cities already have many highways and bridges, they still continue to construct new highways and bridges in order to solve their traffic problems. Yet the construction of URBAN highways, both in and around cities has resulted in the formation of huge masses of leftover SPACES which can rarely be incorporated in formal URBAN planning and design. Authorities and architects rarely care about the leftover SPACES beneath bridges and highways. Although they are paid attention at an international level, on a national level in Iran, the leftover SPACES under elevated URBAN constructions and bridges and their effects have often been neglected. This research focuses on the qualitative evaluation of URBAN SPACES, analyzes the notion of “ lost and leftover SPACES, ” while trying to come up with a new perspective to view URBAN SPACES and URBAN development in today’ s world. How we can make the most of modifying or recycling “ leftover SPACES” is another issue that this research is concerned with. However, the main objective of this research is to obtain design qualities in Iranian URBAN SPACES which fulfill the needs of citizens. This research is qualitative, based on a theoretical framework in the field of URBAN design, analyzing lost SPACES under highways and bridges; also taking into account people’ s environmental preferences obtained in a case study. Interviews and the classification of visual information as Q-sort Technique were used in the second part of this study to extract participants’ individual preferences. The study participants consisted of 50 people aged 15-60 who live or work near highways in either Tehran or Mashhad due to the maximum variance of sampling up to data saturation. Extensive interviews were conducted starting with the simple question “ How you would like to use SPACES under bridges? ” moving on to focus on the needs of the local people. Most interviews were 20 to 35 minutes— on average 25 minutes. “ Content analysis” method was used to write down and evaluate the research data in order to extract the most important findings and trends of the research. After this, Visual Quality Assessment Method (Q-Sort) was used to confirm the results of the comprehensive interviews. In order to do this, five sets of photographs on A4 pages were shown to participants. Each one of these pages depicted different aspects of designed SPACES which would help to identify people’ s expectations of desirable SPACES under bridges. In order to determine individual preferences regarding to the SPACES below the bridges as an URBAN space, the obtained data was divided into two categories: criteria of desirability and utility criteria of space. The next step was to conduct content analysis in order to design an analytical framework developed based on Residents’ preferences, which could be applied to case studies and validate a set of informed qualities that answer the thesis question: What design qualities should we use to create relevant neighborhood SPACES under the URBAN bridge SPACES? The evaluation of the residents’ preferences regarding URBAN SPACES under bridges distinctly show four preferences: people expected the URBAN SPACES to lead to air and noise pollution reduction, promote safety and security. These are the most important qualities regarding URBAN SPACES in viewpoint of the local people. It must be pointed out that there has been a great variety in the SPACES under bridges. Some of them require careful planning and provision in order to create URBAN SPACES that entail the desired qualities of safety, security, vitality, richness, comfort, a sense of place belonging and environmental integration. URBAN managers should allocate much more value to such qualities, leading URBAN designers and architects to construct more essential and eye-catching URBAN SPACES, especially under URBAN bridges. Unfortunately the current disciplines concerning leftover SPACES under bridges are deficient. However, we hope that this research and its investigation of public opinion regarding the issue, initiate a way for constructive use of leftover SPACES under bridges. Also, this research would be a reference and a starting point that would encourage new ideas for utilizing leftover SPACES under bridges.

The neutrality of living SPACES in the URBAN environment and man’s lack of space in the URBAN structure both indicate that contemporary man is suffering from homelessness and lack of space. That is why citizens and URBAN dwellers have lost their identity and their interaction with the environment. The mission of URBAN planning is to enhance URBAN SPACES to places in which social and human values can be manifested.Phenomenology has the potential to create meaningful environments and call for a sense of place, spirit of place, and meaning of place, all of which being the basic elements of the identity of a place. The results of the present study have shown that it is not needed to look for a new designing style, instead, it is necessary to search for traditional meanings and values in the architecture and construction of cities with especial attention to phenomenological approach.

Problem:One of the most important elements of URBAN SPACES is URBAN furniture, which has special importance for citizens.URBAN furniture,in addition to providing services to citizens,makes them feel comfortable in URBAN SPACES, and by strengthening the level of satisfaction,it can lead to more interaction with other citizens.Aims:Considering the importance of observing standards in the design of URBAN furniture and the lack of attention to this issue in Iran, the main goal is to investigate the considerations and criteria for designing URBAN furniture in URBAN SPACES.Methodology:After conducting documentary studies, first,different definitions of URBAN furniture were examined,then its classification in the world and Iran and its criteria were studied.Findings:The results of this research show that URBAN furniture design can be examined in three dimensions:1-Grammatical dimensions: this dimension examines the system and structure of signs,2-Functional dimensions:it analyzes the relationship between a sign and its user and 3-Semantic dimensions:it deals with the study of meaning, change of meaning, and principles governing the relationships between sentences and words and their meaning.Also,It can be said that in terms of how to pay attention to design considerations and criteria, there can be two modes;1-Standard-oriented and uniform design, in which all considerations and criteria are taken into account in the design process and 2-The design of a case that is based on special conditions and based on the location and platform of the furniture and by observing the appropriate considerations and criteria,the subject of creativity,styles,and artistic theories can find more expression and strength in this category of furniture.

The increasing leisurization and consumerization of lifestyles in metropolises have huge impacts on gender identities. A combination of local and global conditions alongside the physical features of URBAN sites, produces diversity and fluidity in gender behavioral patterns. Drawing on a tradition of cultural studies and reviewing the URBAN experiences of young girls and women in Tehran, the present paper aims to show the different impacts of leisure and consumer SPACES on feminine identifications. The results show that the girls’ gender displays within the city are variable and conform with a pattern ranging from more autonomy and agency in consuming space to passivity and caution. Social differentiation and physical transformations in Tehran together with the emergence of new lifestyles have produced new behavioral templates which could be called “thin femininities”. Thin femininities which require equalitarian and challenging spatial participations, will inevitably change feminine values and involve important connotations both for their rights to the city and the way they understand it.

Today, culture is one of the URBAN capital and creating URBAN SPACES base on cultural infrastructure is a great challenge in large cities. Many URBAN SPACES due to numerous problems, have confronted inefficiency and stagnation of URBAN life. This issue has ended up with fewer attractiveness in SPACES. Moreover, it may seem that the regeneration of URBAN SPACES with a focus on culture, can solve existing challenges and somewhat leads to reduce the same risks of URBAN SPACES. Therefore, it becomes crucial to recognize the concept of culture-led regeneration and its influential components and principles on URBAN SPACES. This study attempts to extract and analyze the principals involved in the success of the culture-led regeneration process of URBAN SPACES by examining the concepts, theories and data obtained. This developmental-applied study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach to research. The research is also qualitative. Samples of the study were collected purposefully and data were analyzed through content analysis and estimation based on the generalized linear model. Research findings show that the culture-led regeneration process of URBAN SPACES, tries to prepare URBAN SPACES to achieve a long-term of a public space through five components including improving civic identity, sustainable development, city branding (promoting URBAN competitiveness), capital enhancement and placemaking. Based on findings, this goal will be achieved by applying seven principles including tourism and event-led development, cultural development, promotion of URBAN properties, making image and place based on distinct advantage, URBAN environmental quality, civil society, and the optimum economic structure.

Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such URBAN SPACES, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise pollution in URBAN SPACES is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.